The pharmacokinetics of intraosseous atropine in hypovolemic swine

Authors

  • Jonathan Yost, CRNA, MSN
  • Phillip Baldwin, CRNA, MSN
  • Sarah Bellenger, CRNA, MSN
  • Freida Bradshaw, CRNA, MSN
  • Edna Causapin, CRNA, MSN
  • Richelle Demotica, CRNA, MSN
  • Michael Livingston, CRNA, MSN
  • Cynthia Lee, CRNA, MSN
  • Brian Gegel, CRNA, DNAP
  • James Burgert, CRNA, DNAP
  • Adam Claessens, DO
  • Don Johnson, PhD
  • Michael Loughren, CRNA, PhD

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.5055/ajdm.2015.0204

Keywords:

intraosseous, intramuscular, atropine, nerve agent, shock, pharmacokinetics

Abstract

Objective: Compare the pharmacokinetics of atropine administered via the intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), and intraosseous (IO) routes in a normovolemic and hypovolemic swine model.

Design: Prospective, between subjects, experimental study.

Setting: Vivarium.

Subjects: Yorkshire-cross swine (N = 36).

Intervention: Atropine was administered via IV, IM, or IO routes to normovolemic and hypovolemic swine. Blood samples were drawn at regular intervals after atropine administration and analyzed for plasma atropine concentration. Pharmacokinetic parameters were obtained from modeling the plasma concentrations.

Main outcome measurements: Pharmacokinetic parameters, maximum concentration (Cmax) and time to maximum concentration (Tmax).

Results: The IV and IO groups in both the normovolemic and hypovolemic models reached peak plasma concentration immediately and had a very rapid distribution phase with no apparent absorption phase for the IO groups. Peak plasma concentration and time to reach peak concentration were both significantly lower for the IM groups. There was a significant increase in absorption time with IM administration in the hypovolemic model compared to the normovolemic model.

Conclusion: The IO route is an effective method of administering atropine and is comparable to the IV route even under conditions of significant hemorrhage. Therapeutic levels of atropine may be delayed and possibly difficult to obtain via IM injection in the presence of hypovolemic shock.

Author Biographies

Jonathan Yost, CRNA, MSN

Department of Anesthesia and Operative Services, Madigan Army Medical Center, Joint Base Lewis-McChord, Washington

Phillip Baldwin, CRNA, MSN

US Army Graduate Program in Anesthesia Nursing, Fort Sam Houston, Texas

Sarah Bellenger, CRNA, MSN

US Army Graduate Program in Anesthesia Nursing, Fort Sam Houston, Texas.

 

Freida Bradshaw, CRNA, MSN

US Army Graduate Program in Anesthesia Nursing, Fort Sam Houston, Texas

Edna Causapin, CRNA, MSN

US Army Graduate Program in Anesthesia Nursing, Fort Sam Houston, Texas

Richelle Demotica, CRNA, MSN

US Army Graduate Program in Anesthesia Nursing, Fort Sam Houston, Texas

Michael Livingston, CRNA, MSN

US Army Graduate Program in Anesthesia Nursing, Fort Sam Houston, Texas

Cynthia Lee, CRNA, MSN

US Army Graduate Program in Anesthesia Nursing, Fort Sam Houston, Texas

Brian Gegel, CRNA, DNAP

Veteran Anesthesia Services, San Antonio, Texas

James Burgert, CRNA, DNAP

Research Scientist, Geneva Foundation, Tacoma, Washington

Adam Claessens, DO

Pharmacokinetics Lab, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington

Don Johnson, PhD

Director of Research and Professor, US Army Graduate Program in Anesthesia Nursing, Fort Sam Houston, Texas.

Michael Loughren, CRNA, PhD

Department of Anesthesia and Operative Services, Madigan Army Medical Center, Joint Base Lewis-McChord, Washington

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Published

07/01/2015

How to Cite

Yost, CRNA, MSN, J., P. Baldwin, CRNA, MSN, S. Bellenger, CRNA, MSN, F. Bradshaw, CRNA, MSN, E. Causapin, CRNA, MSN, R. Demotica, CRNA, MSN, M. Livingston, CRNA, MSN, C. Lee, CRNA, MSN, B. Gegel, CRNA, DNAP, J. Burgert, CRNA, DNAP, A. Claessens, DO, D. Johnson, PhD, and M. Loughren, CRNA, PhD. “The Pharmacokinetics of Intraosseous Atropine in Hypovolemic Swine”. American Journal of Disaster Medicine, vol. 10, no. 3, July 2015, pp. 217-22, doi:10.5055/ajdm.2015.0204.

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