Burnout in the disaster response workforce: The impact of work roles and the COVID-19 pandemic
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5055/jem.0593Keywords:
burnout, COVID-19, disaster responseAbstract
The coronavirus-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic corresponded with a record-breaking year for billion-dollar disasters. While the pandemic swept across the United States, the country also experienced a record-setting hurricane season on the East Coast and an unprecedented wildfire season on the West Coast. These co-occurring threats have placed unprecedented strain on our disaster response workforce with potential long-term implications for turnover and disaster response efficacy. In this paper, we draw from the Job Demands-Resources model to address the influence of workers’ role stressors and community infection rates during the COVID-19 pandemic and job burnout and turnover in the disaster response workforce.References
World Health Organization: International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 11th Revision. World Health Organization, 2020.
Shirom A, Melamed S, Toker S, et al.: Burnout and health review: Current knowledge and future research directions. In: Hodgkinson GP, Ford JK (eds.): International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology. Vol 20. West Sussex, England: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2005.
Toker S, Melamed S, Berliner S, et al.: Burnout and risk of coronary heart disease: A prospective study of 8838 employees. Psychosom Med. 2012; 74(8): 840-847. DOI:10.1097/PSY.0b013e31826c3174.
Lee RT, Ashforth B: A meta-analytic examination of the corre¬lates of the three dimensions of job burnout. J Appl Psychol. 1996; 81(2): 123-133.
Swider BW, Zimmerman RD: Born to burnout: A meta-analytic path model of personality, job burnout, and work outcomes. J Vocat Behav. 2010; 76(3): 487-506. DOI:10/d9jt8p.
Demerouti E, Bakker AB, Nachreiner F, et al.: The job demands-resources model of burnout. J Appl Psychol. 2001; 86(3): 499.
Kahn RL, Wolfe DM, Quinn RP, et al.: Organizational Stress: Studies in Role Conflict and Ambiguity. New York: John Wiley, 1964.
Jaramillo F, Mulki JP, Boles JS: Workplace stressors, job attitude, and job behaviors: Is interpersonal conflict the missing link? J Pers Sell Sales Manag. 2011; 31(3): 339-356. DOI:10.2753/PSS0885- 3134310310.
Rizzo JR, House RJ, Lirtzman SI: Role conflict and ambigu¬ity in complex organizations. Adm Sci Q. 1970; 15(2): 150-163. DOI:10.2307/2391486.
Zulkifli A, Ali M, Pahlevi C, et al.: Family and organization roles in disaster risk reduction: Burnout reduction on workers. IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci. 2019; 235. DOI:10.1088/1755- 1315/235/1/012109.
Azoulay E, De Waele J, Ferrer R, et al.: Symptoms of burnout in intensive care unit specialists facing the COVID-19 outbreak. Ann Intensive Care. 2020; 10(1): 110. DOI:10.1186/s13613-020- 00722-3.
Merlo KL, Marshall J, Yusuf W, et al.: Workshop #6: Psychological Adjustment for the 2020 Hurricane Season during COVID-19 Pandemic. University of South Florida, Old Dominion University, 2020.
Schimmenti A, Billieux J, Starcevic V: The four horsemen of fear: An integrated model of understanding fear experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic. Clin Neuropsychiatry. 2020; 17(2): 41-45.
Ahola K: Occupational Burnout and Health. Finland Institute of Occupational Health, 2007: 119.
Duan X, Ni X, Shi L, et al.: The impact of workplace violence on job satisfaction, job burnout, and turnover intention: The mediating role of social support. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2019; 17(1): 93. DOI:10.1186/s12955-019-1164-3.
Willard-Grace R, Knox M, Huang B, et al.: Burnout and health care workforce turnover. Ann Fam Med. 2019; 17(1): 36-41. DOI:10.1370/afm.2338.
Dubey R, Gunasekaran A, Altay N, et al.: Understanding employee turnover in humanitarian organizations. Ind Commer Train. 2016; 48(4): 208-214. DOI:10.1108/ICT-10-2015-0067.
Barthauer L, Kaucher P, Spurk D, et al.: Burnout and career (un)sustainability: Looking into the Blackbox of burnout triggered career turnover intentions. J Vocat Behav. 2020; 117: 103334. DOI:10.1016/j.jvb.2019.103334.
Chen L-K: Older adults and COVID-19 pandemic: Resilience matters. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2020; 89: 104124. DOI:10.1016/j. archger.2020.104124.
Tso WWY, Wong RS, Tung KTS, et al.: Vulnerability and resil¬ience in children during the COVID-19 pandemic. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. Published online November 17, 2020. DOI:10.1007/ s00787-020-01680-8.
Chen S, Bonanno GA: Psychological adjustment during the global outbreak of COVID-19: A resilience perspective. Psychol Trauma Theory Res Pract Policy. 2020; 12(S1). DOI:10.1037/ tra0000685.
Fletcher D, Sarkar M: Psychological resilience. Eur Psychol. Published online 2013.
Rushton CH, Batcheller J, Schroeder K, et al.: Burnout and resilience among nurses practicing in high-intensity settings. Am J Crit Care. 2015; 24(5): 412-420.
Burnett HJ: The compassion fatigue and resilience connection: A survey of resilience, compassion fatigue, burnout, and compas¬sion satisfaction among trauma responders. Int J Emerg Ment Health Hum Resil. 2015; 17(1). DOI:10.4172/1522-4821.1000165.
Killgore WDS, Cloonan SA, Taylor EC, et al.: Loneliness: A sig¬nature mental health concern in the era of COVID-19. Psychiatry Res. 2020; 290: 113117. DOI:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113117.
Schaufeli W, Leiter M, Maslach C, et al.: MBI-general survey. Palo Alto. Published online 1996.
Smith BW, Dalen J, Wiggins K, et al.: The brief resilience scale: Assessing the ability to bounce back. Int J Behav Med. 2008; 15(3): 194-200.
Ali Shah I, Fakhr Z, Ahmad MS, et al.: Measuring push, pull and personal factors affecting turnover intention: A case of university teachers in Pakistan. Rev Econ Bus Stud. 2010; 3(1): 167-192.
Scanlan JN, Still M: Job satisfaction, burnout and turnover intention in occupational therapists working in mental health. Aust Occup Ther J. 2013; 60: 310-318.
County Population Totals: 2010-2019. United States Census Bureau. Published March 2020. Available at https://www.census. gov/data/datasets/time-series/demo/popest/2010s-counties-total. html#par_textimage_70769902. Accessed February 10, 2021.
The New York Times: Coronavirus (Covid-19) data in the United States.. Published 2021. Available at https://github.com/nytimes/ covid-19-data. Accessed February 10, 2021.
World Health Organization: Public Health Criteria to Adjust Public Health and Social Measures in the Context of COVID-19: Annex to Considerations in Adjusting Public Health and Social Measures in the Context of COVID-19, 12 May 2020. World Health Organization, 2020. Available at https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/332073. Accessed February 15, 2021.
Adini B, Goldberg A, Cohen R, et al.: Evidence-based support for the all-hazards approach to emergency preparedness. Isr J Health Policy Res. 2012; 1(1): 40. DOI:10.1186/2045-4015-1-40.
Bayntun C: A health system approach to all-hazards dis¬aster management: A systematic review. PLoS Curr. 2012; 4. DOI:10.1371/50081cad5861d.
O’Driscoll MP, Beehr TA: Supervisor behaviors, role stress¬ors and uncertainty as predictors of personal outcomes for sub¬ordinates. J Organ Behav. 1994; 15(2): 141-155. DOI:10.1002/ job.4030150204.
Olk M, Friedlander M: Trainees’ experiences of role conflict and role ambiguity in supervisory relationships. J Couns Psychol. 1992; 39: 389-397. DOI:10.1037/0022-0167.39.3.389.
Tims M, Bakker AB, Derks D: Development and validation of the job crafting scale. J Vocat Behav. 2012; 80(1): 173-186. DOI:10.1016/j.jvb.2011.05.009.
Wrzesniewski A, Dutton JE: Crafting a job: Revisioning employ¬ees as active crafters of their work. Acad Manage Rev. 2001; 26(2): 179-201.
Zhang F, Parker SK: Reorienting job crafting research: A hier¬archical structure of job crafting concepts and integrative review. J Organ Behav. 2019; 40(2): 126-146. DOI:10.1002/job.2332.
Singh V, Singh M: A burnout model of job crafting: Multiple mediator effects on job performance. IIMB Manag Rev. 2018; 30(4): 305-315. DOI:10.1016/j.iimb.2018.05.001.
Tims M, Derks D: The impact of job crafting on job demands, job resources, and well-being. J Occup Health Psychol. 2013; 18. DOI:10.1037/a0032141.
Barello S, Palamenghi L, Graffigna G: Burnout and somatic symptoms among frontline healthcare professionals at the peak of the Italian COVID-19 pandemic. Psychiatry Res. 2020; 290: 113129. DOI:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113129.
Dimitriu MCT, Pantea-Stoian A, Smaranda AC, et al.: Burnout syndrome in Romanian medical residents in time of the COVID-19 pandemic. Med Hypotheses. 2020; 144: 109972. DOI:10.1016/j. mehy.2020.109972.
Sasangohar F, Jones SL, Masud FN, et al.: Provider burnout and fatigue during the COVID-19 pandemic: Lessons learned from a high-volume intensive care unit. Anesth Analg. Published online April 20, 2020. DOI:10.1213/ANE.0000000000004866.
Shah K, Chaudhari G, Kamrai D, et al.: How essential is it to focus on physician’s health and burnout in coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic? Cureus. 2020; 12(4). DOI:10.7759/cureus.7538.
Korff VP, Balbo N, Mills M, et al.: The impact of humani¬tarian context conditions and individual characteristics on aid worker retention. Disasters. 2015; 39(3): 522-545. DOI:10.1111/ disa.12119.
Telford J, Cosgrave J: The international humanitarian system and the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunamis. Disasters. 2007; 31(1): 1-28. DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7717.2007.00337.x.
Tomasini RM, Wassenhove LNV: From preparedness to partnerships: Case study research on humanitarian logistics. Int Trans Oper Res. 2009; 16(5): 549-559. DOI:10.1111/j.1475- 3995.2009.00697.x.
Montero-Marin J, Tops M, Manzanera R, et al.: Mindfulness, resilience, and burnout subtypes in primary care physicians: The possible mediating role of positive and negative affect. Front Psychol. 2015; 6. DOI:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01895.
Shakir HJ, Cappuzzo JM, Shallwani H, et al.: Relationship of grit and resilience to burnout among US neurosurgery resi¬dents. World Neurosurg. 2020; 134: e224-e236. DOI:10.1016/j. wneu.2019.10.043.
Taku K: Relationships among perceived psychological growth, resilience and burnout in physicians. Personal Individ Differ. 2014; 59: 120-123. DOI:10.1016/j.paid.2013.11.003.
Kossek E, Perrigino M: Resilience: A review using a grounded integrated occupational approach. Acad Manag Ann. 2016; 10: 1-69. DOI:10.1080/19416520.2016.1159878.
Mayordomo T, Viguer P, Sales A, et al.: Resilience and coping as predictors of well-being in adults. J Psychol. 2016; 150(7): 809-821. DOI:10.1080/00223980.2016.1203276.
Wingerden J van, Bakker AB, Derks D: A test of a job demands-resources intervention. J Manag Psychol. 2016; 31(3): 686-701. DOI:10.1108/JMP-03-2014-0086.
Pelfrene E, Vlerick P, Moreau M, et al.: Perceptions of job inse¬curity and the impact of world market competition as health risks: Results from Belstress. J Occup Organ Psychol. 2003; 76(4): 411-425. DOI:10.1348/096317903322591569.
World Health Organization: Health emergency and disas¬ter risk management framework. Published 2019. Available at https://www.who.int/hac/techguidance/preparedness/health-emergency-and-disaster-risk-management-framework-eng.pdf. Accessed February 15, 2021.
Bodas M, Kirsch TD, Peleg K: Top hazards approach – Rethinking the appropriateness of the All-Hazards approach in disaster risk management. Int J Disaster Risk Reduct. 2020; 47: 101559. DOI:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101559.
Peleg K, Bodas M, Hertelendy AJ, et al.: The COVID-19 pan¬demic challenge to the All-Hazards approach for disaster plan¬ning. Int J Disaster Risk Reduct. 2021; 55: 102103. DOI:10.1016/j. ijdrr.2021.102103.
Maxwell SE, Cole DA: Bias in cross-sectional analyses of longitudinal mediation. Psychol Methods. 2007; 12(1): 23-44. DOI:10.1037/1082-989X.12.1.23.
Maxwell SE, Cole DA, Mitchell MA: Bias in cross-sectional analyses of longitudinal mediation: Partial and complete mediation under an autoregressive model. Multivar Behav Res. 2011; 46(5): 816-841. DOI:10.1080/00273171.2011.606716.
Downloads
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright 2007-2023, Weston Medical Publishing, LLC and Journal of Emergency Management. All Rights Reserved
