Sometimes the unthinkable happens: How do catastrophic natural disasters impact the population of arts and culture nonprofits?

Authors

  • B. Kathleen Gallagher, PhD

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.5055/jem.0505

Keywords:

nonprofit arts, catastrophic disasters, organizational mortality, United States

Abstract

Arts and culture organizations face numerous threats, and many of them are economically based in nature. As governments increasingly leverage arts and culture for a variety of policy-based agenda, it is an opportune time to evaluate the vulnerabilities facing and the sustainability of the population of arts and culture nonprofits, particularly under a variety of conditions. This should include cases when the unthinkable happens, as there is a need to understand the characteristics of the population before and after a catastrophic disaster. This research examines the population of nonprofit arts and culture organizations (NPACOs) in the United Sates and answers the questions, “Do catastrophic natural disasters impact the population of NPACOs? Do they alter patterns of formation and exit?” using quantitative analysis.

Author Biography

B. Kathleen Gallagher, PhD

Political Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas

References

Schwartzman A: Essential Guidelines for Arts Responders Organizing in the Aftermath of Disaster: How to Help and Support Your Local Artists, Arts-Related Small Businesses, and Arts Organizations. Washington, DC: Americans for the Arts; 2015.

Milward HB, Provan KG: Governng the hollow state. J Public Admin Res Theory. 2000; 10(2): 359-379.

Bae KB, Sohn H: Factors contributing to the size of nonprofit sector: Tests of government failure, interdependence, and social capital. Voluntas: Int J Voluntary Nonprofit Organizations. 2018; 29: 470-480.

Salamon L, Sokolowski SW, Anheier HK: Social origins of civil society: An overview. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins Center for Civil Society Studies; 2000.

Grønbjerg KA, Paarlberg L: Community variations in the size and scope of the nonprofit sector: Theory and preliminary findings. Nonprofit Voluntary Sector Q. 2001; 30(4): 684-706.

McKeever BS: The nonprofit sector in brief: Public charities, giving, and volunteering. Washington, DC: The Urban Institute; 2018.

Nolte IM, Boenigk S: Public-nonprofit partnership performance in a disaster context: The case of Haiti. Public Admin. 2011; 89(4): 1385-1402.

Lister S: Power in partnership? An analysis of an NGO’s relationship with tis partners. J Int Dev. 2000; 12(2): 227-239.

Connolly RP: Museums Engaging with People as a Community Resource. In: Connolly RP, Bollwerk EA, eds. Positioning Your Museum as a Critical Community Asset. New York: Rowman & Littlefield; 2017.

McCarthy KF, Ondaatje EH, Zakaras L, et al.: Gifts of the Muse: Reframing the Debate about the Benefits of the Arts. Santa Monica, California: RAND; 2004.

Americans for the Arts: Arts and Economic Prosperity 5. Washington, DC: Americans for the Arts; 2017. Available at https://www.americansforthearts.org/sites/default/files/aep5/PDF_Files/NationalFindings_StatisticalReport.pdf. Accessed June 11, 2020.

National Assembly of State Arts Agencies: Why Should Government Support the Arts? Washington, DC: National Assembly of State Arts Agencies; 2017. Available at https://nasaa-arts.org/nasaa_advocacy/why-government-support/#WhyGovSupport-1-1.pdf. Accessed June 11, 2020.

Belfiore E: Art as a means towards alleviating social exclusion: Does it really work? A critique of Instrumental cultural policies and social impact studies in the UK. Int J Cultural Policy. 2002; 8(1): 91.

Bureau of Economic Analysis: Arts and cultural production satellite account, US and States 2017. Bureau of Economic Analysis. 2020. Available at https://www.bea.gov/news/2020/arts-andcultural-production-satellite-account-us-and-states-2017. Accessed June 11, 2020.

Baumol WJ, Bowen WG: Performing Arts: The Economic Dilemma. New York: Twentieth Century Fund; 1966.

Hannan MT, Freeman J: The population ecology of organizations. Am J Sociol. 1977; 82(5): 929-964.

Carroll GR, Hannan MT: Why corporate demography matters: Policy implications of organizational diversity. California Manage Rev. 2000; 42(3): 148-163.

Carroll GR, Khessina O: Organizational and corporate demography. In: Poston D, Micklin M, eds. Handbook of Population. New York: Springer US; 2005.

Freeman J, Carroll GR, Hannan MT: The liability of newness: Age dependence in organizational death rates. Am Sociol Rev. 1983; 48: 692-710.

Hannan MT, Freeman J: Structural inertia and organizational change. Am Sociol Rev. 1984; 49: 149-164.

Hannan MT, Freeman J: Organizational Ecology. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press; 1989.

Carroll GR, Hannan MT: On using institutional theory in studying organization populations: Reply to zucker. Am Sociol Rev. 1989; 54: 545-548.

Hannan MT: Rethinking age dependence in organizational mortality: Logical formalizations. Am Sociol Rev. 1998; 104: 85-123.

Hannan MT, Carroll GR, Dobrev SD, et al.: Organizational mortality in European and American automobile industries—Part I: Revisiting the effect of age and size. Eur Sociol Rev. 1998; 14: 303-313.

Hannan MT, Carroll GR, Dobrev SD, et al.: Organizational mortality in european and american automobile industries—Part I: Revisiting the effect of age and size. Eur Sociol Rev. 1998; 14: 303-313.

Bowen WG, Nygren TI, Turner SE, et al.: The Charitable Nonprofits. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass; 1994.

Hager MA, Galaskiewicz J, Bielefeld W, et al.: Tales from the grave: Organizations’ accounts of their own demise. Am Behav Sci. 1996; 39(8): 975-994.

Hager MA: The survivability factor: Research on the closure of nonprofit arts organizations. Washington, DC: Americans for the Arts; 2000.

Kaiser M: Curtains?: The Future of theArts in America. Boston, Massachusetts: Brandeis University Press; 2015.

Kaiser M: The importance of small arts organizations. Huffington Post. 2011. Available at https://www.huffingtonpost.com/michael-kaiser/the-importance-of-small-a_b_920820.html?ncid=engmodushpmg00000006. Accessed May 1, 2019.

The Economist: Weather-related disasters are increasing. Economist group. 2017. Available at https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2017/08/29/weather-related-disasters-are-increasing. Accessed May 30, 2019.

Zagorsky JL: Are catastrophic disasters striking more often? The Ohio state University. 2017. Available at http://theconversation.com/are-catastrophic-disasters-striking-more-often-83599. Accessed May 30, 2019.

Levac J, Toal-Sullivan D, O’Sullivan TL: Household emergency preparedness: A literature review. J Commun Health. 2012; 37: 725-733.

de Souza Briggs X: The road to resilience in Puerto Rico. In The Chronicle of Philanthropy. Washington, DC: Chronicle of Philanthropy; 2018: 36-37.

Webber R, Jones K: Rebuilding communities after natural disasters: The 2009 bushfires in Southeastern Australia. J Soc Sci Res. 2013; 29: 253-268.

Harrow J, Palmer P, Bogdanova M: Business giving, the tsunami and corporates as rock stars: Some implications for arts funding? Cultural Trends. 2006; 15(4): 299-323.

Jiang Y, Ritchie BW: Disaster collaboration in tourism: Morives, impediments and success factors. J Hospitality Tourism Manage. 2017; 31: 70-82.

Maguire M, Schenck D: What if hurricane Katrina hit in 2020? The need for strategic management of disasters. Public Admin Rev. 2010; 70(Suppl 1): S201-S207.

Shaluf IM, Ahmadun F, Said AM: A review of disasters and crises. Prev Manage: Int J. 2003; 12(1): 24-32.

Council of Governors State-Federal Catastrophic Disaster Response Team. Council of Governors State-Federal Catastrophic Disaster Response Working Group Charter: Council of Governors State-Federal Catastrophic Disaster Response Working Group Charter. Washington, DC: Council of Governors; 2018. Available at https://www.nga.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Catastrophic-Disaster-Working-Group-Charter.pdf. Accessed January 20, 2021.

Federal Emergency Management Administration: National Response Framework. Washington, DC: The Department of Homeland Security; 2019.

Insurance Information Institute: Spotlight on: Catastrophes—Insurance issues. Insurance Information Institute. 2020. Available at https://www.iii.org/article/spotlight-on-catastrophes-insuranceissues. Accessed November 30, 2019.

Federal Emergency Management Administration: Sixty percent of Americans not practicing for disaster: FEMA urges everyone to prepare by participating in National PrepareAthon! Day on April 30. Federal Emergency Management Administration. 2016. Available at https://www.fema.gov/news-release/2015/04/28/sixtypercent-americans-not-practicing-disaster-fema-urges-everyone-prepare. Accessed May 30, 2019.

Sadiq A, Graham JD: Exploring the predictors of organizational preparedness for natural disasters. 2015. Risk Analysis. 2016; 36(5): 1040-1053. Doi: 10.1111/risa.12478.

Americans for the Arts: National Coalition for Arts’ Preparedness and Emergency Response. Americans for the Arts. 2017. Available at https://www.americansforthearts.org/by-program/networks-andcouncils/local-arts-network/national-coalition-for-arts-preparedness-and-emergency-response. Accessed May 15, 2019.

Hager MA: Financial vulnerability among arts organizations: A test of the Tuckman-Chang measures. Nonprofit Voluntary Sector Q. 2001; 30(2): 376-392.

Tevel E, Katz H, Brock DM: Nonprofit financial vulnerability: Testing competing models, recommended improvements, and implications. Voluntas: Int J Voluntary Nonprofit Org. 2015; 25: 2500-2516.

Gallagher BK: Passing the hat to pay the piper: Alternative mechanisms for publicly funding the arts. J Arts Manage Law Soc. 2019; 50(1): 16-32.

National Center for Charitable Statistics: What Is the Form 990? What Is the History? (FAQ). National Center for Charitable Statistics. Available at http://nccsdataweb.urban.org/knowledgebase/detail.php?linkID=106&category=13&xrefID=2334. Accessed June 15, 2013.

Markusen A, Gadwa A, Barbour E, et al.: California’s Arts and Cultural Ecology. San Francisco, California: James Irvine Foundation; 2011.

Rushton M: Support for earmarked public spending on culture: Evidence from a referendum in metropolitan Detroit. Public Budgeting Finance. 2005; 25(4): 72-85.

Brooks AC: In search of true public arts support. Public Budgeting Finance. 2004: 24(2); 88-89.

Moen MC: Congress and the national endowment for the arts: Institutional patterns and arts funding, 1965-1994. Soc Sci J. 1997; 34(2): 185-200.

Lewis GB, Brooks AC: A question of morality: Artists’ values and public funding for the arts. Public Admin Rev. 2005;65(1):8-17.

Hilbe JM. Negative Binomial Regression. New York: Cambridge University Press; 2007.

Piza EL: Using Poisson and Negative Binomial Regression Models to Measure the Influence of Risk on Crime Incident Counts. Newark, New Jersey: Rutgers Center on Public Security; 2012.

Published

09/01/2021

How to Cite

Gallagher, PhD, B. K. “Sometimes the Unthinkable Happens: How Do Catastrophic Natural Disasters Impact the Population of Arts and Culture Nonprofits?”. Journal of Emergency Management, vol. 19, no. 5, Sept. 2021, pp. 425-37, doi:10.5055/jem.0505.