Emergency management and education: Whole community resiliency through the buddy system

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.5055/jem.0641

Keywords:

buddy system, schools, emergency management, resiliency, whole community

Abstract

Globally, block-level vulnerability will continue to increase by the force, multiplying impacts of climate change. Therefore, innovative community policies and programs must galvanize every possible local asset to improve whole community resiliency. Today, in America, one of the most underutilized emergency management (EM) assets is the social capital contained in local education facilities. Through a focused review of a minimal amount of literature available on this topic, this study will establish a plausible context within which a high school-based community buddy system can be proposed. Findings include a multisectoral history of success with buddy support systems that raise personal and organizational resiliencies. Recommendations include the formation of a high school buddy program with vulnerable members of the community that is jointly overseen by the school and the local EM entity. All program recommendations are geared toward practical implementation and have national and international implications.

Author Biographies

Erik Xavier Wood, MS

Program Director, Adjunct Professor, Ethics, Research, GIS, Georgetown University, Washington, DC

Alec Rivers

Officer and Child Development Specialist, Los Angeles Police Department, Schools Division, Los Angeles, California

Tim Frazier, PhD

Professor of the Practice and Faculty Director, School of Continuing Studies (SCS), Georgetown University, Washington, DC

References

Klein N: The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism. London: Macmillan, 2007.

Hallegatte S, Bangalore M, Bonzanigo L, et al.: Shock Waves: Managing the Impacts of Climate Change on Poverty. Washington, DC: The WorldBank, 2015.

Hallegatte S, Vogt-Schilb A, Bangalore M, et al.: Unbreakable: Building the Resilience of the Poor in the Face of Natural Disasters. Washington, DC: World Bank Publications, 2016.

Wood EX, Frazier T: Decentralized humanitarian aid deployment: Reimagining the delivery of aid. J Human Logistics Supply Chain Manag. 2019; 10: 1-20.

The Sphere Project: Sphere project consultancy urban guide. 2015. Available at http://www.sphereproject.org/silo/files/sphereproject-consultancy-urban-guide.pdf. Accessed March 1, 2021.

Shoaf KI, Kelley MM, O’Keefe K, et al.: Enhancing emergency preparedness and response systems: Correlates of collaboration between local health departments and school districts. Public Health Rep. 2014; 129(Suppl. 4): 107-113. DOI: 10.1177/00333549141296S414.

Mirzaei S, Tafti A, Mohammadinia L, et al.: Operational strategies for establishing disaster-resilient schools: A qualitative study. Adv J Emerg Med. 2020; 4(2): e23. DOI: 10.22114/ajem.v0i0.241.

Kapucu N: Collaborative emergency management: Better community organising, better public preparedness and response. Disasters. 2008; 32(2): 239-262.

Lai BS, Esnard A, Lowe SR: Schools and disasters: Safety and mental health assessment and interventions for children. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2016; 18: 109. DOI: 10.1007/s11920-016-0743-9.

Aldrich D, Meyer M: Social capital and community resilience. Am Behav Sci (Beverly Hills). 2015; 59(2): 254-269. DOI: 10.1177/0002764214550299.

Dynes RR: The Importance of Social Capital in Disaster Response. Newark, DE: University of Delaware Disaster Research Center, 2002.

Wickes R, Zahnow R, Taylor M, et al.: Neighborhood structure, social capital, and community resilience: Longitudinal evidence from the 2011 Brisbane flood disaster. Soc Sci Q. 2015; 96(2): 330-353.

Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA): Whole Community Approach to Emergency Management: Principles, Themes, and Pathways for Action. Washington, DC: Federal Emergency Management Agency, US Department of Homeland Security, 2011. Available at https://www.fema.gov/sites/default/files/2020-7/whole_community_dec2011__2.pdf. Accessed February 4, 2021.

Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA): Guide for all-hazard emergency operations planning. 1996. Available at https://www.fema.gov/pdf/plan/slg101.pdf. Accessed February 4, 2021.

Kalkstein LS: Saving lives during extreme weather in summer. BMJ. 2000; 321(7262): 650-651. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.321.7262.650.

Lane K, Wheeler K, Charles-Guzman K, et al.: Extreme heat awareness and protective behaviors in New York City. J Urban Health. 2014; 91(3): 403-414. DOI: 10.1007/s11524-013-9850-7.

Kirk J, Cassity E: Minimum standards for quality education for refugee youth. Youth Stud Aust. 2007; 26(1): 50-56.

Pinnock H, Hodgkin M: Education access for all. Forced Migr Rev. 2010; 35: 34.

Maciver D, Hunter C, Adamson A, et al.: Supporting successful inclusive practices for learners with disabilities in high schools: A multisite, mixed method collective case study. Disabil Rehabil. 2018; 40(14): 1708-1717.

Fantuzzo J, Sutton-Smith B, Atkins M, et al.: Community-based resilient peer treatment of withdrawn maltreated preschool children. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1996; 64(6): 1377-1386.

Law M, Petrenchik T, King G, et al.: Perceived environmental barriers to recreational, community, and school participation for children and youth with physical disabilities. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2007; 88(12): 1636-1642.

Tzani-Pepelasi C, Ioannou M, Synnott J, et al.: Peer support at schools: The buddy approach as a prevention and intervention strategy for school bullying. Int J Bullying Prevent. 2019; 1(2): 111-123.

Sim HS, How CH: Mental health and psychosocial support during healthcare emergencies–COVID-19 pandemic. Singapore Med J. 2020; 61(7): 357-362.

Ramsberger PF, Mills L, Legree P: Evaluation of the Buddy Team Assignment Program. Alexandria, VA: Human Resources Research Organization, 2002.

Albott CS, Wozniak JR, McGlinch BP, et al.: Battle buddies: Rapid deployment of a psychological resilience intervention for health care workers during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. Anesth Analg. 2020. DOI: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000004912.

Greden J, Valenstein M, Spinner J, et al.: Buddy-to-buddy, a citizen soldier peer support program to counteract stigma, PTSD, depression, and suicide. Ann New York Acad Sci. 2010; 1208(1): 90-97. DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05719.x.

West R, Edwards M, Hajek P: A randomized controlled trial of a “buddy” system to improve success at giving up smoking in general practice. Addiction. 2002; 93(7): 1007-1011.

May S, West R: Do social support interventions (“buddy systems”) aid smoking cessation? A review. Tob Control. 2000; 9(4): 415-422.

Pechmann C, Delucchi K, Lakon CM, et al.: Randomised controlled trial evaluation of Tweet2Quit: A social network quit-smoking intervention. Tob Control. 2017; 26(2): 188-194.

Luger E, Dorner TE, Haider S, et al.: Effects of a home-based and volunteer-administered physical training, nutritional, and social support program on malnutrition and frailty in older persons: A randomized controlled trial. J Am Med Directors Assoc. 2016; 17(7): 671.e9.

Hurdle DE: Social support: A critical factor in women’s health and health promotion. Health Soc Work. 2001; 26(2): 72-79.

Heath G, Howze EH, Kahn EB, et al.: Increasing physical activity: A report on recommendations of the Task Force on Community Preventive Services. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2001; 50(RR-18): 1-14.

Gay Men’s Health Crisis (GMHC): How Can You Help?. Available at https://www.gmhc.org/get-involved/volunteer/. Accessed January 13, 2021.

Scotto M: Long-term HIV survivors get by with a little help from friends. NY-1 News. 2018. Available at https://www.ny1.com/nyc/manhattan/news/2018/11/29/buddies-help-long-term-hiv-survivors. Accessed January 25, 2021.

Cancer.Net: Finding a Support Buddy. Approved by the Cancer. Net Editorial Board. 2018. Available at https://www.cancer.net/coping-with-cancer/finding-social-support-and-information/finding-support-buddy. Accessed March 1, 2021.

The Point: Be a buddy program. New York. Available at https://thepoint.org/be-a-buddy-program/. Accessed February 4, 2021.

NYC Service: The family center-buddy program. The City of New York. n.d. Available at https://www.nycservice.org/organizations/1796. Accessed February 4, 2021.

Barry E: Will Massachusetts’s vaccine buddy system work? Well, it’s worth a shot. New York Times. 2021. Available at https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/12/us/covid-vaccine-caregivers-massachusetts.html.

Thread: The new social fabric (website). Available at https://www.thread.org/.

Thomas M: Thread -Weaving New Relationships by Connecting People from Different Communities. Baltimore, MD: Baltimore Magazine, 2020.

Hopkins J: Weaving a new social fabric. Johns Hopkins biomedical engineering. 2018. Available at https://www.bme.jhu.edu/news-events/news/weaving-a-new-social-fabric/. Accessed January 25, 2021.

Dempster N, Stevens E, Keeffe M: Student and youth leadership: A focused literature review. Leading Manag. 2011; 17(2): 1-20.

Walton AL, Rogers B: Workplace hazards faced by nursing assistants in the United States: A focused literature review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2017; 14(5): 544.

Pitman PM: Research Methods, Part II: Policy Options Analysis. Lecture Module. Monterey, CA: Center for Homeland Defense and Security, 2017.

Gates M, Hanning RM, Gates A, et al.: Assessing the impact of pilot school snack programs on milk and alternatives intake in 2 remote first nation communities in Northern Ontario. J School Health. 2013; 83(2): 69-76.

Pears KC, Healey CV, Fisher PA, et al.: Immediate effects of a program to promote school readiness in low-income children: Results of a pilot study. Educ Treat Children. 2014; 37(3): 431-460. DOI: 10.1353/etc.2014.0021.

Pierson A, Hodara M, Luke J: Earning College Credits in High School: Options, Participation, and Outcomes for Oregon Students. REL 2017-216. Washington, DC: Regional Educational Laboratory Northwest, 2017.

Choi JH, Goodman L, Zhu J, et al.: Senior Housing and Mobility. Washington, DC: Urban Institute, 2019: 39.

Published

01/01/2022

How to Cite

Wood, MS, E. X., A. Rivers, and T. Frazier, PhD. “Emergency Management and Education: Whole Community Resiliency through the Buddy System”. Journal of Emergency Management, vol. 20, no. 1, Jan. 2022, pp. 17-22, doi:10.5055/jem.0641.